Prepare the oven and pan. Heat the oven to 325°F. Place one rack in the middle and one below it. Grease a 9-inch springform pan and line the bottom with parchment. Place the springform pan on a rimmed baking sheet to catch any butter drips.
Bake the crust. Stir the graham cracker crumbs, sugar, melted butter, and salt together until evenly moistened. Press firmly into the bottom of the pan and slightly up the sides. Bake for 10 minutes, then set aside while you mix the filling. Leave the oven on.
Mix the filling. Beat the softened cream cheese and sugar on low to medium-low speed until smooth, scraping the bowl thoroughly. Mix in the sour cream and vanilla. Add the eggs one at a time on low speed, mixing just until each disappears. Avoid whipping air into the batter.
Prepare the oven moisture pan. Place a roasting pan on the lower rack. Carefully pour about 1 inch of hot water into it. Keep this water pan separate from the springform pan.
Bake the cheesecake. Pour the filling over the crust and smooth the top. Bake on the middle rack for approximately 60–75 minutes. The outer portion should be set and the center 2–3 inches should wobble gently as one piece when the pan is nudged. It should not look liquid or slosh. Add time in 5-minute increments if needed; the visual cues matter more than the clock.
Cool gradually. Turn off the oven, prop the door open slightly, and leave the cheesecake inside for 1 hour. Keep children away from the open, warm oven. Remove the cheesecake, loosen the edge gently with a thin knife if it is sticking, and cool on a rack for about 1 more hour. Refrigerate promptly after this cooling period, initially uncovered. Once cold, cover and chill at least 6 hours, preferably overnight.
Add the caramel. Remove the cold cheesecake from the springform pan. Spread cooled, thick but pourable caramel over the top, leaving a narrow border if desired. Chill for 20–30 minutes if the sauce needs to firm up.
Make the whipped cream. Beat the cold heavy cream, powdered sugar, and vanilla to medium-stiff peaks. Stop as soon as it holds its shape. Pipe or spoon around the edge shortly before serving.
Slice and serve. Cut with a sharp knife dipped in hot water and wiped dry between slices. Refrigerate leftovers.